tepuk hati tanya iman...

satu malam di CCD(cafe coffee day)..

kami ber6..(aku,makwan,masliana,syikin, syazween n bad)

borak2..
tibe2...kekecohan berlaku!!
seorang pemuda(senior kolej aku warganegara iran) lari2 masuk dalam CCD..
dia kene kejar oleh beberapa orang lelaki penduduk tempatan....

depan mata kitorg...pelajar tu tadi kene tumbuk..sepak2 kat perut...pukul muka dengan selipar...berdarah2 muka die...
hum....

tergamam kitorg....hanya dapat memandang sahaja tanpa dapat berbuat apa2..
takot n sedeyh....

selepas beberapa minit...polis pon datang leraikan pergaduhan...

kami pon start tanye2 pekerja CCD tentang hal sebenar...

alkisah.....pelajar lelaki tersebut memandu kereta dengan laju(sangat laju kata mereka )hingga hampir melanggar pengguna jalan raya yg lain. ada yg kata die memandu dalam keadaan mabuk (wallahu a'lam)..
tu yg kene kejar dek penduduk tempatan tu...kejar sampai dapat...
bila da dapat...abesla lunyai pelajar tu...

hum....
ganas2....
panas baran...
emosional...
haish...

untuk pelajar2 davangere..sile lebih berhati2 ye...
bawa perlahan2 je moto tu eh...ehehehehehe....

p/s: bertanya pada diri sendiri..andai pergaduhan itu antara islam dan agama lain... mampukah aku mempertahankan pemuda td? atau hanya duduk dan tengok, tanpa mahu membuat apa2 kerana takot dipukul sama? tepuk hati tanya iman....
kukuhkan iman kami ALlah...

11 mei..

“terima kaseh Allah, atas usia yg masih sudi Kau pinjamkan kepadaku..”

Hari lahir sinonim dengan hadiah.

Hadiah, sesuatu yg selalunya akan menggembirakan penerima…

Entry nih aku type untuk cerita ttg hadiah2 yg aku pernah dapat sepanjang keberadaan aku di India.

2008..

Aku dpt rantai tangan, diberi oleh geng2 aku. Warna biru. Rasa2nye baru sekali dua aku pakai rantai tangan tu. Cantik sangat, jarang ade acara yg sesuai untuk dipakai.

Adek aku bagi aku bantal pink..comel..dan card..
”akak, selamat hari jadi, adik xmampu nak beli hadiah mahal2 cam hadiah akak bg kat adek, sorry k..”

(kilah, xperlu mahal..pemberian ini tanda mengingati..sudah mencukupi...terima kaseh..)

Hum…

Jam tangan.. pertama kali dapat hadiah jam untuk hari lahir..terima kaseh..

Mak bagi rantai dan buah rantai..ehehehehe…sangat2 suke..huhuhuh

2009..

Mug dan teedy bear cumel..faizah n d geng bg..
Hand bag!!!!! Geng2 aku bagi….thanx guys!!! Sangat2 suke!!! Walaupun sebelum dpt hadiah tu aku kene jirus air..cett!! nway thanx a lot guys!! Huhuhuhu
Hum…
Mak belom bg lagi..mak kate tunggu balik Malaysia…kuat meminta2 eh?
Wakkaakkakaka…

Dan hadiah yg paling bermakna untuk hari lahir aku tahun ini..

SEBUAH KEPERCAYAAN, PENGERTIAN DAN HARAPAN..

terima kaseh kepana pemberi..

Sungguh aku sangat2 gembira apabila menerima hadiah. hadiah tidak semestinya ‘sesuatu’. Cukup sekadar ‘pemberian’. Sms2 yg mengucapkan ‘selamat hari lahir’ beserta doa juga hadiah. Ia tetap menggembirakan aku.
Asalkan ianya hadiah, mmg sangat2 menggembirakan apatah lg jika diberi pada hari lahir kita. It’s the thought that count!! Terima kaseh kepada semua..

puteriku Sayang...

Lembutmu xbererti kau mudah dijual beli
Kau mampu menyaingi lelaki dalam berbakti
Lembut bukan hiasan bukan jua kebanggaan
Tp kau sayap kiri pd suami yg sejati

Disebalik bersih wajahmu disebalik tabir dirimu
Ada rahsia agung tersembunyi dalam diri
Itulah sekeping hati yg takut pd ilahi
Berpegang pd janji mengabdikan diri

Aduhai puteriku sayang…

Malumu mahkota yang tidak perlukan singgah sana
Tetapi ia berkuasa menjaga diri dan nama
Tiada siapa yang akan boleh merampasnya
melainkan kau sendiri yang pergi menyerah diri

ketegasanmu umpama benteng Negara dan agama
dari dirobohkan dan jua dibinasakannya
wahai puteriku sayang kau bunga terpelihara
mahligai syurga itulah tempatnya

Developmental stages of tooth.

1.Tooth bud
2.Oral epithelium
3.Ectomesenchyme

Bud stage.
-Enamel organ=central polygonal cells, peripheral low columnar cells.
-Dental papilla= forming pulp and dentin.
-Dental sac= ectomesenchyme that surrounds enamel organ and dental papilla.
= forming periodontal ligament and cementum.

Cap stage.
-Cap like shaped of enamel organ.
-Due to invagination on inner surface of tooth bud result from unequal division.
-Characterized by = outer and inner enamel epithelium(OEE, IEE), stellate reticulum.
o OEE= cuboidal cells, cover the convexity of cap.
o IEE= tall columnar cells, cover the concavity of cap.

= Basement membrane separate from dental papilla.
o Stellate reticulum

= cellular network of polygonal cells between IEE n OEE,
=separated by intercellular fluidàproteinatious fluid containing albumin
=f(x)=cushion like consistency to support n protects enamel forming cells.
o Dental papilla= the condensation of ectomesenchymal cells that covered by invaginated portion of IEE.
o Dental sac= condensation of surroundings areas of dental papilla n enamel organ resulting in fibre development.

1.Dental lamina
2.Dental sac or follicle
3.Outer dental epithelium
4.Stellate reticulum
5.Inner dental epithelium
6.Dental papilla
7.Enamel cord
8.Enamel navel
9.Blood vessel
10.Enamel niche
11.Successional dental lamina

Bell stage
- Characterized by = outer and inner enamel epithelium(OEE, IEE), stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium
o OEE
- cuboidal cells
- folded before enamel formation
- capillary network dev. From dental sac between folds.
- Provide blood supply to enamel organ.
- Dental papilla develops odontoblasts-->lay down dentin before first layer of enamel matrix.
o IEE= tall columnar cells à ameloblasts.
- F(x)=Influences underlying ectomesenchymal cells of dental papilla to form odontoblasts
o Stellate reticulum
- Continuous expansion in size due to increase intercellular fluid
- Before enamel formation, it collapse to decrease distance between ameloblast and capillary network.
o stratum intermedium
- layer of squamous cells btwn IEE and stellate reticulum.
- F(x)= essential for development, formation and calcification of enamel
o Dental papilla
- Covered by enamel organ.
- Its peripheral cells develop into odontoblast
- Cuboidal --> columnar-->secrete predentin

Advanced bell stage
- Future dentinoenamel junction- forms from boundary between IEE and odontoblast
- Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) - forms from cervical portion of enamel organ.

p/s; tahu sikit2 tentang gigi kita..huhuhu

Development of tooth..

- Dental lamina; is a band of epithelium that has invaded the underlying ectomesenchyme along both the horseshoe-shaped future dental arches.
- Deciduous dentition developed from dental lamina (8th week)
- Successional lamina; lingual extension of dental lamina. Responsible for dev. Of permanent incisors, canines and premolars(5th month intrauterine life)
- Accessional lamina; distal extension of dental lamina. Responsible for dev. Of molars.

- "cell rest of serre" = remnants of dental lamina.

Staphylococcus aureus

(genus Staphylococcus)

Morphology
-Gram positive, non sporing, non motile cocci.
- Arranged in grape- like clusters (due to sequential division of bacteria in 3perpendicular planes with daughter cells in close proximity)

Cultural characteristics.
- Grow in ordinary media.
- Aerobic (facultatively anaerobic)
- Temp=10-42c
- pH7.4-7.6
- eg; nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey’s agar.

Biochemical reactions.
- Ferment mannitol
- Beta hemolysis on blood agar
- Gelatin liquefaction
- Phosphatase production
- Tellurite reduction

Antigenic structure
- Capsule = inhibit phagocytosis
- Peptidoglycans= activates complement, evokes production of inflammatory cytokines.
- Teichoic acid= antigenic determinant
- Protein A= when coated with IgG antiserum, will agglutinate if mixed with its corresponding antigen

Pathogenicity
- Due to production of toxin and enzymes.
o Toxins
§ Hemolysis
· Alpha lysine= lytic for rabbit erythrocyte, less active against human, causes injury to circulatory system and muscle tissues
· Beta lysine= llytic for sheep, not for human.
· Gamma lysine = acts on human, rabbit, sheep.
· Delta lysine= acts on human, rabbit, sheep.
§ Leucocidin= damages polymorphomuclear leucocytes and macrophages.
§ Enterotoxin= food poisioning, resistant to guts enzyme.
o Enzymes
§ Coagulase= clot human plasma, converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
-
- Dies at 62c for 30mins @ 80c for 1hr.
- Resistant to drying
- Local effect= inhibiting phagocytosis, form wall of fibrin clot around the lesion, pus is formed.
o Cutaneous infections= abcesses, boils, carbuncles.
o Deep infections= tonsillitis, osteomyelitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, pneumonitis
o Food poisioning
o Toxic shock syndrome

Antibiotic sensitivity
- Resistance to panicilin= has panicilinase, reduction affinity to penicillin binding proteins

Laboratory diagnosis
- Collection of specimen
- Direct microscopy= gram staining-positive
- Culture
o Blood agar= colonies are circular, raised, opaque, produce golden yellow pigment(not diffusible into medium, beta hemolysis seen around colonies )
o Peptone water.

Treatment
- Benzyl Penicillin
- Cloxacillins
- Vancomycin

Coagulase negative staphylococci
- Form part of normal flora of the skin
- Opportunistic pathogen= infection in debilitated @ immunocompramised patients.
- Staph. Epidermis;
o Skin commensal
o Opportunistic pathogen in prosthetic devices
- Staph. Saprophyticus
o Causes urinary tract infection in young women
o Septicaemia and endocarditis in patients with cardiac surgery.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

(genus C. diphtheriae)

Morphology
-Gram positive, non acid fast, non sporing, non motile bacilli.
-Thin, slender, pleomorphic, non capsulated
-Show club shaped swelling (coryne) due to metachromatic granules at both ends.
-with Albert’s stain – green rod shaped resembling ‘L’ @ ‘V’ @ Chinese letter pattern @ cuneiform (due to incomplete separation of daughter cells after binary fusion) with bluish black metachromatic granules at the poles.

metachromatic granules
-also called babe Ernst granules @ volutin
-take up bluish purple colour of loeffler’s methylene blue
-composed of polymetaphosphates
-f(x)- energy storage

Cultural characteristics.
- Grow best in enriched media.
- Scanty in ordinary media.
- Aerobic (facultatively anaerobic)
- Temp=15-40c
- pH7.2
- eg; loeffler’s serum slope, tellurite blood agar.

Biochemical reactions.
- Ferment glucose n maltose
- Reduces nitrates to nitrites
- Not hydrolyse urea.

Toxin.
- Pathogenicity due to production of powerful exotoxin by its virulent strains.
- Action- inhibiting protein synthesis.
- Dies at 58c for 10mins @ 100c for 1min.
- Resistant to drying
- Susceptible to panicilin.
- Seen in children (2 – 10yrs)
- Incubation period =3 – 4 days
- Spreading= droplet
- Site= nasal, laryngeal, conjunctival , vulvovaginal.
- Local effect= toxin causes local necrotic changes and inflammatory reaction --> pseudomembrane
- Systemic effect= toxin diffuse into blood stream, have affinity towards cardiac muscle, adrenals, nerve ending.

Laboratory diagnosis
- Isolation organism;
o Collection of specimen
o Direct microscopy- gram stain n Albert’s stain
o Culture
§ loeffler’s serum slope= colonies are small, circular white @creamy
§ Potassium tellurite agar= black @ grey colonies
- Virulence test.

Diphtheroids
- Commensals corynebacteria
- Present in throat, skin.
- Few or no metachromatic granules
- Arranged parallel.

p/s; semoga sedikit sebanyak dapat membantu..insyaAllah